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2.3.1 Service earthing systems
 The service earth comprises :
a) switching equipment earth,
b) transmission equipment earth,
c) measuring equipment earth,
d) d, c. power supp ly earth,
e) cables and cabling earth (Ior circuit operation)
 
2.3.2 Protecting earthing systems
The protective earth comprises:
a) protective earth against indirect contacts
    (metal structures; cables and cabling for safety purposes, etc) ,
b) lightning protective earth,
 
2.4 Senvice earth requirements
2.4.1 Switching equipment requ irements
The earth resistance considered acceptable for particular purposes differs in
yarious countries. Some examples are giYen blow :
Belgium
- less than
Federal Republic of Germany
- up to 500 subscriber lines
- up to 2000 subscriber lIines
- more than 2000 subscriber lines
Finland
less than 100 subscriber lines
100 to 500 subscriber linES
500 to 2000 subscriber lines
more than ¡¤2000 subscriber lines

Italy
up to 500 subscriber lines
up to 2000 subscriber lines
more than 2000 supscriber lins

South Africa
- less than

Sweden
up to 500 subscriber lines
up to 1000 subscriber lines
more than 2000 subscriver lines

10 ohms

10 ohms
2 ohms
0.5 ohm

20 ohms
10 ohms
5 ohms
2 ohms


10 ohms
2 ohms
1 ohm


10 ohms


10 ohms
2 ohms
0.5 ohm
 
(Because of the difficulties of reaching a low earth resistance in the Swedish soil, values up to 20 ohms must be accepted.)

United Kingdom
- A generally satisfactory value seemS to be 8 ohms.
 
2.4.2 Transmission equipment requirements
  The acceptable upper limit for impedance (f(100 Hz) of the earthing system in repeater stations is between 0.5 and 10 ohms (average 4 ohms) for the terminal stations and between 0.5 and 30 ohms ( average 8 ohms) for the intermediate stations.
  In the largest repeater stations values as low as 0.5 ohm can easily be obtained because of good soil conductivity in the heavily populated areas ,where these stations are Dormally situated. On the other hand, such a low impedance could be very costly in areas with poor soil conductivity.
  There is nothing to prove that an impedance as low as 0.5 ohm is essential for normal transmission requirements but 0.5 ohm at least may be becessary in certain cases for the effective earthing of the aluminium cable sheaths used to reduce induced Yoltages.
  If the repeater station is in the same building as a large , local telephone exchange (i. e. at least 2000 subscribers) and if a common earthing system is used, stricter limits are normally imposed on the telephone exchange.
 
2.4.3 D. c. power supply requirements
  Normally the connection points of the d. c. power supply" are directly at the power source. Howeyer where decentralized rectifiers for thE anode yoitage are used, the connection is made at the rack.
  It is common practice to connect one of the polts of the exchange battery and of the d, c. power supply for the transmission equipment to the earth collector.
2.5 Protective earthing system requirements
2.5.1 Requirements for racks and metal structures
  2,5,1.1 Integration of the racks into the earthing system
  The metal structures of the racks are usually integrated at well-defined points into the earthing system.
 The metal of the exchange equipment and the main distribution frame is
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