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¿ø¹®: (http://www.iclp-centre.org/view_news.php?id=45)
http://www.iclp-centre.org/view_news.php?id=45
Title : WARNING ! of the ICLP Scientific Committee
Date : 14-09-2005
Text: The Cautionary Message hasn¡¯t stopped the sale and promotion of the different
types of Early Streamer Emission (ESE) systems. Thus the problem of non-conventional
air termination still exists.
Not only Early Streamer Emission (ESE) systems and Ion Plasma Generators (IPG)
systems, claimed drastically to enhance lightning reception, but also Charge Transfer
System (CTS) and Dissipation Array System (DAS), claimed to prevent lightning to
protected structures, are still produced and installed.
These systems are installed in conflict with the requirements of IEC¡¯s lightning
protection standards and as they are not efficient according to the claims, such systems
should be abandoned because they will be dangerous to use.
In this situation the invited paper presented by Prof. Aa. E. Pedersen during the
ICLP¡¯2004 is of central importance and therefore presented below.
ESE AND OTHER NON-CONVENTIONAL LP SYSTEMS
by
AAGE E. PEDERSEN
Honorary Member of the Scientific Committee of ICLP
Home office: Staenget 1 A, DK 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
Phone: +45 39 65 17 10
E-mail: aa-e-p@get2net.dk &aa-e-p@vip.cybercity.dk
THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
Great efforts have been devoted to improve the efficiency of lightning protection and
many possibilities have been suggested over the years.
Radioactive rods have been used for many years but have shown no advantage
relative to ordinary lightning rods, and the use of radioactive material for this purpose
has now been abandoned in most countries.
Laser-triggered lightning involves an electrically powered, sophisticated and sensitive
setup that might prevent its practical use as lightning protection except at very special
situations. In addition the method has until now shown difficulties with certainty to
ensure subsequent flashes.
Early Streamer Emission System (ESE), attempts to utilize an emission of early
discharges (streamers) on special lightning rods, to provoke and trigger an early
lightning flash and thus protect the surrounding over a greater area than in the case of
ordinary lightning rods. Even though the name Early Streamer Emission indicates, that it
is the early onset of streamers on ESE rods relative to the ones on ordinary lightning
rods, that is a measure for the advantage, it appears that the advantage actually is
determined by the time difference between the instances of the first appearance of any
type of discharges on the two types of lightning rods, an interpretation that will favour
the rod with the smallest curvature radius on the tip.
Even though the hypothesis seems logical, actual experience in the field has shown
that the triggering of a flash is extremely complex and much more complicated than
anticipated in the hypothesis.
An indication of this complexity is apparent in the experience with rocket-triggered
lightning. In spite of great effort to trigger the lightning stroke at a suitable instance, a
flash often fails to follow regardless of the extreme influence caused in the electric field
by the trailing wire from the rocket, and the resulting generation of very long streamers
and leaders.
Another experience with formation of long streamers is found under EHV (Extra High
Voltages) and UHV (Ultra High Voltages) switching impulse tests where extremely long
streamers are experienced often with termination in the blue sky and sometimes
terminating on the ground far away from the test object often without causing
subsequent flashover.
Therefore, the concept of early streamers is not sufficient and inadequate as a
parameter for the determination of any advantage of ESE rods versus ordinary lightning
rods.
Moreover, several investigations (for inst. by Z.A.Hartono and by Charles B.More et al)
have shown numbers of missinterceptions, and lightning stokes terminating in the close
vicinity of ESE rods, and that competition race between ordinary Franklin rods and ESE
rods arranged in parallel setups and exposed to natural lightning did not favour the
ESE rods as it should be expected according to the claimed properties.
Creditability of the claimed properties for non-conventional LP devices:
In the opera "The Elixir of Love" (L'Elisir d'amore) by Gaetano Donizetti, the quack
Dulcamara sells medicine at a high prize against all sorts of sufferings including love
problems. To make the story short, the medicine appears to work in a peculiar way,
mainly because people believe in it.
To avoid that sort of business in real life, laws have been issued against dishonest or
fraudulent advertisements requiring that the manufacturers or vendors must be able to
prove the advertised properties.
Thus the arguments "I am convinced it works" or "I believe it work" just isn¡¯t enough.
In most countries laws concerning Product Responsibility and laws concerning Product
Reliability have been issued, but the laws are not always followed.
An advertisement for a known beauty cream promises the user to get 10 years younger
skin. If this was true, a warning should be given not to be used by children less than
10!
Because this advertisement is not dangerous, nobody seems to object even though the
advertisement violates the laws.
On the other hand, if safety problems are involved there exist tough requirements for
the acceptance of products.
As an example, this is the case for the acceptance of new drugs where strict
requirements have to be fulfilled and numerous tests conducted before such drugs can
be marketed.
As another example, the knowledge of the actual tensile strength for straps and slings
are necessary in order to evaluate the load such straps and slings can be used for
with a sufficient high safety margin. I think that everyone will agree that it is
indispensable to perform actual tensile strength tests, and that it will not be sufficient
indirectly to evaluate the tensile strength by means of measurements of other
parameters, for inst. the elasticity coefficient.
Therefore, relevant standards are important for components, apparatuses or systems
where safety is the issue, or where safety is involved, and moreover, that the standards
contain tests¡¯ specifications relevant to the circumstances under which the items are
going to be used.
Consequently standards, norms and code of practice should comply with at least one of
the following requirements:
- Founded on recognized and verified physical theory and models.
- Founded on recognized and verified empirical models and experiences.
- Founded on recognized tradition and practice and experiments from the field collected
over sufficient number of years.
Question 1: Do the non-conventional lightning protection systems, as safety providing
systems, obey the abovementioned requirements for safety?
Answer 1: No, none direct measurement of the protection offered has been successfully
conducted or sufficient empirical data collected from field tests to convince the
international technical and scientific community within this field, nor are the systems
founded on any recognized or verified physical theory.
Question 2: Does the French ESE standard NF C 17-102 (1995) rest on any of the
stated preconditions for safety standards?
Answer 2: No, the French ESE standard does not require or specify any direct method
to evaluate the efficiency of the protection offered by the non-conventional lightning
protection system, leaving the evaluation of the performance alone on the basis of an
indirect method, a method that is partly inadequate partly incorrect. The same seems to
apply for the other national ESE standards.
The French ESE standard and its major deficiencies:
- The hypothesis for the function of the ESE rod is insufficient and inadequate, and the
hypothesis seems to be limited alone to discharges over smaller distances.
- The French standard does neither require nor specify verification tests under natural
lightning conditions.
- Only laboratory tests for the verification of the function is specified and required.
However, laboratory tests are insufficient and inadequate because it is impossible in any
laboratory to simulate natural lightning conditions not least due to the limited space and
the vast nonlinear characteristics of the lightning processes.
- Only negative lightning is considered.
- The standard misinterprets the use of the rolling sphere concept.
- The standard seems to cover a wide range of lightning rods with auxiliary stimulation
of predischarges on the tip of the rods. However, the standard does not distinguish
between the different types, for which reason the standard is lacking necessary
specifications versus the different form and principles for the individual device.
- Tests of the electronic components and auxiliary systems for the ESE rods, including
the power supply for the ones which need it, to withstand lightning influences and aging
are missing. Similarly are tests for evaluating the effect of the external environment
missing, for example the effect of contamination for floating electrode systems.
- Requirements and specifications for the recurrent inspections and possibilities for
testing of the individual ESE rods, including any necessary auxiliary systems, to verify
their original and unchanged properties, are neither required nor specified in the French
ESE standard or in its copies in other countries.
To conclude:
Even though the hypothesis behind the ESE concept at a first glance might seem
rational and likely, it has shown to be partly wrong and in any case insufficient.
Moreover, the working group has selected a laboratory test in the standard for the
determination of the advantage over ordinary lightning rods, a non-representative test in
a non-representative environment, and thus a test that cannot take into account the
nonlinearity of the discharge phenomena between laboratory conditions with stroke
lengths quoted in meters while lightning discharges are quoted in kilometres.
As done by the working group behind the standard, it is fully legitimate to extrapolate
the theories and models for discharges over moderate distances to lightning conditions
in spite of the vast nonlinearities of the discharge phenomena. However it is
indispensable subsequently to demonstrate and verify that the extrapolation with
sufficient accuracy does work in practice. Unfortunately this has not been done, and it
seems to reveal that the working group has suffered the lack of support by scientists
with sufficient knowledge concerning physics of lightning.
In addition to the missing requirement in the standard for verification tests under natural
lightning condition, the manufacturers have never succeeded in verifying the claimed
efficiencies for any of the different ESE types (in a way that satisfies the international
technical and scientific community within this field) in spite of the repeated promises
over more than 15 years.
Similarly, it has neither been possible for independent scientists nor organizations to
confirm the claimed advantages. On the other hand several investigations have
indicated that the ESE devices offer no advantages relative to ordinary lightning rods.
To avoid similar problems and unfortunate errors and mistakes in the future, any
standard ought to be exposed to international criticisms, especially when the standard
concerns safety matters and devices used for safety purposes.
THE MORAL ASPECTS:
In spite of the lack of verification of the claimed properties, and in spite of the repeated
criticisms from the scientific community, the ESE manufacturers have continued for more
than 15 years to sell and promote ESE systems with promises of the non-proven
efficiencies compared to ordinary lightning rods.
Instead of providing the repeatedly promised proofs for their claims, they have
intimidated persons, organizations, companies and standard-organizations with threats of
legal actions when they have pointed out, that the claimed advantages are un-proven
and when they have warned against the use according to the claims until proven.
Some manufacturers and vendors have even got so far as actually suing some of
them.
Even the French Engineering Society (SEE) has been threatened with legal action by
the French manufacturer.
THE LEGAL ASPECT:
- In the light of the current laws, what sort of responsibility does the manufacturers of
ESE devices carry for their products?
- Is it possible for the manufacturers and the vendors to liberate themselves for any
responsibility by referring to the French ESE standard or its copies in other countries,
and leave the responsibility to the national standard organizations?
- Do the working groups behind the standards (and its single members) carry any legal
responsibility?
- Who is in the last end responsible for the standard in France (and in other nations
for the copies of the French ESE standard)?
- What sort of responsibility does scientists and scientific organizations like ICLP carry
to enlighten similar problems like the ones in the ESE standards with protection
systems that might be dangerous to use?
WHAT TO DO ABOUT THE SITUATION?
- How can the relevant authorities in France (and other nations) be approached to
inform them about the problem with the ESE devices, and what can we do to help
them solve the problems with the ESE standards?
- Do we need some sort of Codex for standardization, production, verification and
commerce of safety devices like lightning protection devices, or should we merely leave
it up to the market?
Âü°íÀÚ·á(¿ø¹®) http://www.iclp-centre.org/view_news.php?id=36
Title : CAUTIONARY MESSAGE ! of the ICLP Scientific Committee
Date : 26-07-2004
Text :
The Scientific Committee of ICLP wishes to inform all the ICLP Participants and
Guests as well as the Visitors of ICLP Expositions that the displayed products,
including any claimed properties, are solely the responsibility of the individual
exhibitors, and thus ICLP has neither endorsed these products nor does it take any
responsibilities for their functioning.
The message, as above, is given for the following reasons:
ICLP is a scientific/technical organ trying to promote science within lightning and
the use of the results hereof for improving protection for people, animals and
properties against the effects of lightning.
According to its bylaws ICLP has a special responsibility to promote good practice
and to warn against the use of devices that might jeopardize the required degree of
protection and to prevent any promotion and advertising of devices and systems
that are, or may be, dangerous.
In line with this obligation, ICLP has several times been asked to give its statements
concerning different forms of non-conventional lightning protection devices, like air
terminations based on early streamer emission (ESE) technology or other no-proven
air terminating systems or protection methods. In this context ICLP has warned
against production, marketing and use of such systems before their claimed effects
have been verified and the results generally agreed upon by the international
scientific community. In addition these repeated warnings have also included
warnings against issuing standards for the use and specifications of such systems
and methods (e.g., in USA, Australia, France and Spain), before the above
requirements have been met.
In the call for papers ICLP, and its organizing committee, invite specialists and
experts to present papers within the specified scopes with the proviso that papers
will be rejected provided that they do not comply with the scientific state of art and
the scope of the different sessions or disregard the general requirements in the call
for papers, that: "Only papers of sufficiently high technical/scientific level will be
accepted, excluding commercial papers promoting or advertising specific products
or systems".
Similarly, and with the following condition, ICLP has provided possibilities for
manufacturers and vendors against a modest fee, to exhibit their services and
products illustrating the present state of lightning protection technology, . . ".
However, in order to categorize commercial products as part of the present stage
of lightning protection technology, the products have to be proven relevant and
effective with regard to the claims of the manufacturers and vendors.
Therefore, in order to preserve ICLP's integrity and scientific standing, ICLP does
not permit any commercial advertisements, promotions or exhibitions of the
abovementioned non-proven devices during its conferences, a condition that will be
enforced in order to avoid any repetitions of noncompliance with this requirement
during exhibitions in connection with former conferences.
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